Part 6 Operating Systems
A. OS Types and Organization
- Batch; multi-programming, time-sharing
- Multiprocessor or multicore, distributed, client-server, clustered, real-time systems
- Structure of OS—simple, layered, microkemel
- Virtual Machines
- Protection CPU, Memory, 1/0
B. Input-Output
- Interrupt, trap, interrupt vector
- Interrupt mechanism and handling, privileged instructions
- Alternatives to interrupts: busy-waiting, polling
- Buffering, OMA
- I/O Processing
C. Process Management
- Process concept and process scheduling
- Serving process requests (synchronous and asynchronous interrupts)
- Process switching mechanism
- Cooperating processes, inter-process communication, sockets, RPCs
- Multi-threading—types of threads, multi-threading models system calls, etc.
D. CPU Scheduling
- Basic concepts
- Interactive versus batch processing
- Scheduling criteria and algorithms—First Come First Served, Shortest Job First, Priority, Round-Robin, Multilevel Queue, Multi-level Feedback Queue
E. Process Synchronization
- Critical section problem, synchronization hardware and primitives, semaphores, monitors, mutex locks
- Classical problems of synchronization: Bounded-Buffer, Producer-Consumer, Readers-Writers, Dining Philosophers
F. Deadlocks
- Conditions, prevention, avoidance, detection, and recovery
- Resource allocation graphs, Banker's Algorithm
G. Memory Management
- Logical versus physical memory
- Memory management hardware
- Memory allocation—MFP, MVP (best-fit, worst-fit, first-fit), internal and external fragmentation
- Paging: page table organization, special hardware support, page table structure (hierarchical, hashed, inverted), shared pages
- Segmentation: segmentation implementation, shared segments, segmentation with paging
- Virtual memory:·demand paging, pre-paging, page replacement algorithms (FIFO, Optimal, LRU, Additional reference bits, Second Chance/Clock), allocation of frames, thrashing, working set theory and its application to paging, program structure.
H. Mass Storage Structure
- File systems and their implementations
- Magnetic disc hardware, seek time, rational latency
- Other types of storage devices
- Disk Scheduling Algorithms—First Come First Served, Shortest Seek Time First, SCAN, C-SCAN, LOOK, C-LOOK
Textbooks
- Silberschatz & Galvin, Operating Systems Concepts, 6th edition, Addison-Wesley, 2003.
- Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems, 2nd edition, Prentice-Hall, 2001.
- Stallings, Operating Systems Internals and Design Principals, 4th edition, Prentice-Hall, 2001.
